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OptiGrow

~ Your planting partner

OptiGrow

Category Archives: Articles

Planting Macadamia trees.

12 Tuesday Dec 2017

Posted by Nicholas in Articles, literature

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Macadamias, planting, Rehabilitation

Here at Optigrow we understand that, happy roots = happy fruits… or nuts.

That is why soil preparation prior to planting is so important to us.

It’s common practice to plant first and feed and irrigate second.
There are many benefits to considering soil preparation prior to planting.

Not just from a plant health point of view but cost wise too.

Soil is the environment that supports plants and as we all know as farmers a well fed and stress free plant is a happy plant.

Simple steps can be taken to prepare for planting.
The earlier the better, but any preparation in advance is better than none.
Soil preparation cost per tree is a fraction of what that tree costs, therefore as an investment, it makes complete financial sense to cover this extremely important factor.

Preparation inside the plant hole is also extremely beneficial vs just building soil from the surface down.

Optigrow produces earths oldest and best soil rehabilitator and conditioner.
We suggest using vermicast in soil preparation as it seeds in all the plant beneficial micro and macro organisms, hormones, micro fungi and plant available nutrient needed to establish a healthy substrate for young developing plants.

Young plants are very susceptible to peaks and troughs in the availability of moisture and nutrient, PH and chemical imbalance in soil due to pesticide use.

Freshly prepared soil is often deep ripped, disturbing and displacing microbe colonies plants rely on for healthy growth.

Commercial farming relies on high yields and quality crops at harvest.
With this in mind after years of investment, the early formative years of trees are essential in achieving this goal.
Healthy root development in young years is first priority and soil health goes hand in hand with this.

Land preparation and planning takes time.
Once plant locations are planned and marked it is advised to begin soil prep at each planting location thereby ensuring established soil health when your investment goes into the ground.
Your trees have a better chance of “taking” in healthier soil, and that alone can offset costs of your soil preparation, not to mention the time, effort and labour to replace dead trees.

But im busy, why soil prep in the hole?
Why not just apply castings on the surface around your trees?
The short answer to this is best effect for your financial investment in soil preparation. The second is time.
Vermicast in the plant hole surrounds the roots supporting them exactly where it is needed.
Microbial colonies then populate outwards in all directions preceding and pioneering ahead of roots. With a surface application, the root supporting components of vermicast work downward towards the roots and then outwards, which takes time. Both support root development and your tree, however soil preparation in advance benefits the tree right from the start and in all the right places.

Investment in macadamias is a wise investment but with any investment it is best to do so carefully. Planning for the healthy support of your trees from young to bearing age is exceptionally important.

Ensuring that the organic function of soil is optimised means that from the start your structural, chemical and biological components of soil are in place and ready to work hand in hand with the chemicals and pesticides you use, keeping your root zones healthy and balanced.

To discuss how we can help you today or for more information on Opti-cast and what we do, please feel free to give us a call.

Nicholas and the Optigrow team.

Soil Toxicity

24 Tuesday Jun 2014

Posted by Nicholas in Articles

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Chemical buildup, Heavy metals, Soil toxicity

heavy metals

Issues farmers face with soil degradation is the issues of soil toxicity and chemical imbalance caused by prolonged fertiliser and pesticide use.

Earthworms have been found to be a viable method of removing toxins from soils and enhance the remediation of agricultural lands polluted by chemicals the likes of for instance DDT.

Earthworms can live in highly contaminated soils.

They are generally  tolerant to many chemical contaminants including heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil and can bio-accumulate them in their tissues.

Earthworms species like Eisenia fetida have been found to through the use of a special detoxifying layer in their gut and specific metal binding proteins,   remove and isolate toxic heavy metals such as (Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, Zn, etc.) and also lipophilic organic micropollutants from soil.

Chemical contaminants are absorbed through their moist body walls  and  mouth and are either bio-transformed or biodegrade , rendering them harmless in their bodies.

This makes earthworms perfect for soil remediation in both agricultural and industrial settings.

Soil

20 Tuesday May 2014

Posted by Nicholas in Articles

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Soil

soil

Soil, our silent and often underappreciated friend is the backbone of all the plants we see around us, gardens, agriculture and our entire food system.

Wikipedia defines soil rather simply, “Soil is a natural body, it exists as a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids and a myriad of organisms that can support plant life.”

Where soil is a natural body, healthy soil is a living and complex web of life, an organism formed of a myriad of complex symbiotic relationships.

Nutrient and minerals playing their part in a complex soil food web consisting of different organisms and microbes (beneficial bacteria, fungi, nematodes and protozoa) living together in symbiotic relationships increasing nutrient availability for plants and transforming the physical and chemical properties of the soil into an environment perfectly suited to plants, organisms and microbes alike.

Soil_food_web

The focus of modern agriculture in the past has been to add NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) fertilizers to boost plant growth. As time has progressed evidence has shown that this is not sustainable as a sole approach.

Inorganic fertilizers add refined base nutrients to the soil, but solely without the beneficial microbes, fungi, minerals, nematodes, enzymes and co-enzymes needed to participate in the geochemical cycling of nutrients, the process is unsustainable and there will be no support for full nutrient uptake.

hand fertThis approach works for the short term by getting nutrient to the plant in large quantities but this imbalanced approach often kills, impedes or disrupts the balance of the food soil web that makes these nutrients readily available to your plants. As a result a decrease of nutrient uptake by the plant will be experienced as the physical and biological structure of the soil degrades.

Hard working microbes are probably the most overlooked and vital component within our soil, they help make many micro-nutrients more available to plants like in the case of calcium and iron where large amounts would otherwise be unavailable to plants and lost to drain away.

soil-with-grass - CopyHealthy soil structure is also vital to plant health. As soil health degrades one can be left with a dead sandy soil where through water and nutrient will quickly leach out, leaving plants in a stressful environment of feast and famine. Sandy soil may also not hold plant roots securely and yet an excess of clay creates a dense environment where air, water and roots cannot move freely and the food soil web cannot function.

Healthy soil consists of a combination of organic matter, rock particles and water, capable of maintaining a consistent structural, chemical and biological environment. An environment where all plants needs are catered for. A stress free environment with ample access to air, water, nutrient and micronutrient in a form that is plant available. A spectrum of all their dietary needs, a soil structure that supports their roots and maintains a comfortable moisture level.

What plants and trees provide in the way of fruits, veggies or flowers so we need to replace within our soil, closing the circle and completing the cycle. By implementing sustainable techniques were we feed and encourage the soil food web to continue to thrive, so your soil will continue to support and encourage your plants and trees to bare crops till the end of time.

 

 

Cationic exchange

06 Tuesday May 2014

Posted by Nicholas in Articles

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anionic, cat ionic, cationic exchange, vemicast

cations

An important and often unrecognized feature of vermicast is its cationic exchange rate. This is the rate at which the cationic soil trace elements can attach themselves to vermicast.

Everything in nature has an electrical charge. Some charges are positive, cations, and some are negative, anions. Organic vegetative matter is anionic and, because vermicast is highly vegetative matter, it is strongly anionic. Most trace elements are cationic.

In simple terms this means that trace elements are attracted to vermicast and readily bond to it in the same way that opposite poles of a magnet attract each other. Plants have a stronger pull than the vermicast and can therefore draw the trace elements away from the vermicast and into their roots.

Atiyeh et al. (2000) found that compost was higher in ammonium, while Vermicompost tended to be higher in nitrates, which is the more plant-available form of nitrogen.

Vermicasts are excellent media for harbouring N-fixing bacteria (Bhole, 1992).

Earthworms have multiple, interactive effects on rates and patterns of nitrogen mineralization and immobilization in natural and managed ecosystems (Edwards and Lofty, 1977; Lee, 1983; Lavelle and Martin, 1992; Blair et al., 1995b).

An excerpt from the document “Vermicast explained: what it is and how it works.” to read the full article, see our commercial documents section, otherwise

PDF_Logo - icon Click here to download the full article in PDF format.

Vermicast as a disease suppressor.

29 Tuesday Apr 2014

Posted by Nicholas in Articles

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Benefits of Vermicast in point form, Phomopsis, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sphaerotheca fulginae, Verticillium

Sphaerotheca fulginae - CopyPythium

Edwards and Arancon (2004) report that “…we have researched the effects of relatively small applications of commercially-produced vermicomposts, on attacks by Pythium on cucumbers, Rhizoctonia on radishes in the greenhouse, and by Verticillium on strawberries and Phomopsis and Sphaerotheca fulginae on grapes in the field.

In all of these experiments, the Vermicompost applications suppressed the incidence of the disease significantly.”

Earthworms not only disperse microorganisms important in food production but also associated with mycorrhizae and other root symbionts, biocontrol agents and microbial antagonists of plant pathogens as well as microorganisms that act as pests (Edwards and Bohlen, 1996).

An excerpt from the document “Benefits of Vermicast in point form” to read the full article, see our commercial documents section, otherwise

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Using worm castings for insect repellence.

24 Thursday Apr 2014

Posted by Nicholas in Articles

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chitin, Chitinase, Chitosan, Insect repellent, OptiGrow

Bathycoelia natalicola  Chitinase-1CNS

Chitin is a compound that makes up the main component of the exoskeleton of insects.

Chitosan is a compound that is created from the breakdown of chitin.

Chitinase is the naturally occurring enzyme that breaks chitin down into chitosan.

These worm castings contain enzymes known as various forms of chitinase of which insects have a strong aversion.

The worm castings also have the ability to activate multiplication of the chitinase-producing bacteria found naturally in plants.

Testing has shown that the natural level of chitinase found in most plants is not sufficient to repel insects. The level of chitinase is multiplied to a repulsion level with the use of worm castings.

The level of the chitinase enzyme for effective repellence is in the range of 1 million cfu/gdw (Colony Forming Units/ gram dry weight). Worm castings were submitted for tests to determine the level of the chitinase enzyme production. The tests showed concentrations of chitinase in the range of 54 million CFU/gdw. This is concentration is over 50 times the estimated level for repellence.

It was observed that ants refuse to cross a layer of worm castings.

 

It has been found that worm castings can be used effectively to repel insects that feed on the internal liquid or nectar of various plants.

These include a large array of insect pests including white fly, aphids, spider mites, fruit flies, and other nectar-sucking insects.

When worm castings are put into the soil of the plant feeding area (stem to drip line), the evidence indicates that the worm castings activate an increase in the internal concentration of chitinase.

The level of chitinase in the nectar of leaves before treatment with worm castings is low.

When the chitinase concentration is low, insects are not repelled.

The increase in the chitinase level on small plants to a level sufficient to repel small insects occurs in a few weeks. The increase in the level of chitinase in large plants sufficient to repel the insects takes longer.

The time to increase the level of chitinase in a large plant such as a full grown hibiscus can take several months and trees will take longer.

The pollination nectar and pollen do not appear to get an increased level of chitinase producing organisms with the use of worm castings.

White fly infested hibiscus plants were treated with worm castings.

Worm castings were applied in a ½ inch layer from the stems to the drip line.

In about two months all white fly residue and cocoons were gone.

White flies from neighbouring plants, which had not been treated, would fly around the treated leaves but not land on these leaves.

An excerpt from the document “Benefits of Vermicast in point form” to read the full article, see our commercial documents section, otherwise

PDF_Logo - icon Click here to download the full article in PDF format.

 

Vermicast and Nematodes.

18 Tuesday Feb 2014

Posted by Nicholas in Articles

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nematodes, OptiGrow

Could vermicast be a solution to my soil bourne Nematode problem?

Well, first of all what are Nematodes and are they all bad.

Soil Nematodes By Elaine R. Ingham covers this nicely, see the full article here.

THE LIVING SOIL: NEMATODES

Nematodes are non-segmented worms typically 1/500 of an inch (50 µm) in diameter and 1/20 of an inch (1 mm) in length. Those few species responsible for plant diseases have received a lot of attention, but far less is known about the majority of the nematode community that plays beneficial roles in soil.

An incredible variety of nematodes function at several trophic levels of the soil food web. Some feed on the plants and algae (first trophic level); others are grazers that feed on bacteria and fungi (second trophic level); and some feed on other nematodes (higher trophic levels).

Free-living nematodes can be divided into four broad groups based on their diet.

· Bacterial-feeders consume bacteria.

· Fungal-feeders feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.

· Predatory nematodes eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.

· Omnivores eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.

What Do Nematodes Do?

Nutrient cycling. Like protozoa, nematodes are important in mineralizing, or releasing, nutrients in plant-available forms. When nematodes eat bacteria or fungi, ammonium (NH4+) is released because bacteria and fungi contain much more nitrogen than the nematodes require.

Grazing. At low nematode densities, feeding by nematodes stimulates the growth rate of prey populations. That is, bacterial-feeders stimulate bacterial growth, plant-feeders stimulate plant growth, and so on. At higher densities, nematodes will reduce the population of their prey. This may decrease plant productivity, may negatively impact mycorrhizal fungi, and can reduce decomposition and immobilization rates by bacteria and fungi. Predatory nematodes may regulate populations of bacterial-and fungal-feeding nematodes, thus preventing over-grazing by those groups. Nematode grazing may control the balance between bacteria and fungi, and the species composition of the microbial community.

Dispersal of microbes. Nematodes help distribute bacteria and fungi through the soil and along roots by carrying live and dormant microbes on their surfaces and in their digestive systems.

Food source. Nematodes are food for higher level predators, including predatory nematodes, soil microarthropods, and soil insects. They are also parasitized by bacteria and fungi.

Disease suppression and development. Some nematodes cause disease. Others consume disease-causing organisms, such as root-feeding nematodes, or prevent their access to roots. These may be potential biocontrol agents.

Using vermiculture to control Nematode populations.

M.H. Panhwar and Farzana Panhwar in there paper “EARTHWORMS, VERMICASTS AND VERMI-CULTURE EXPERIENCE IN SINDH” say, Worms eat soil nematodes and reduce their population to almost one third. Thus no chemical nematocides are needed when adequate mulching is done.

Blueprint for a Successful Vermiculture Compost System. Developed by Dan Holcombe and J.J. Longfellow 1995 says, Redworm castings contain a high percentage of humus. Humus helps soil particles form into clusters, which create channels for the passage of air and improve its capacity to hold water. Humic acid present in humus, provides binding sites for the plant nutrients but also releases them to the plants upon demand. Humus is believed to aid in the prevention of harmful plant pathogens, fungi, nematodes and bacteria.

R.E. Gaddie and D.E. Douglas, Earthworms For Ecology and Profit, Vol. I “Scientific Earthworm Farming,” 1975, p. 175. Earthworm castings, in addition to their use as a potting soil, can be used as a planting soil for trees, vegetables, shrubs, and flowers. They may be used as a mulch so that the minerals leach directly into the ground when watered. The effects of earthworm castings used in any of these ways are immediately visible. They make plants grow fast and strong. Nematodes and diseases will not ruin gardens or plants if the soil is rich enough for them to grow fast. It is the weak plant in poor soil that is destroyed by nematodes and diseases.

Clive A. Edwards, Norman Q. Arancon, Eric Emerson, and Ryan Pulliam, Soil Ecology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
SUPPRESSION OF PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES AND ARTHROPOD PESTS BY VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’ says We have demonstrated clearly that solid vermicomposts can suppress plant parasitic nematodes in the field (Arancon et al, 2003). Our experiments on the effects of vermicompost ‘teas’ on nematodes were in the laboratory and greenhouse, in soils that had been artificially infested with the root knot of nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), which is a very serious pest of a wide range of crops all over the world. Read the full paper here.

So vermicast will indeed help with your nematode problem.

By boosting plant immune systems, creating a healthy balanced soil food web environment and introducing earthworm populations to control your nematode population.

How Sustainable Soil Science Can Help Rescue Our Environment and Food Supply.

11 Wednesday Dec 2013

Posted by Nicholas in Articles

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Excerpt, papers and articles, soil health, www.mercola.com

fertilizer

an excerpt from:

How Organic Farming Could Release Us From the Curse of Fertilizer. July 02, 2013 By Dr. Mercola

Read the full article here.

logo-mercolaAll credit to the author By Dr. Mercola and Mercola.com the excerpt is re posted in its original state.

 

I recently interviewed Dr. Elaine Ingham,8 an internationally recognized expert on the benefits of sustainable soil science. I also recently visited her at her new position at the Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania. According to Dr. Ingham, a key component of successful agriculture lies in having the right helper organisms in the soil; beneficial species of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, beneficial nematodes (not the weedfeeders), microarthropods, and earthworms—all of which contribute to plant growth in a number of different ways.

Nutrient cycling is another major issue. According to Dr. Ingham, there’s no soil on Earth that lacks the nutrients to grow a plant. She believes the concept that your soil is deficient and needs added phosphorus or nitrogen etc in order to grow plants is seriously flawed, and largely orchestrated by the chemical companies, because it’s based on looking at the soluble, inorganic nutrients that are partly present in your soil.

The real nutrition your plants require is actually derived from microorganisms in the soil. These organisms take the mineral material that’s in your soil and convert it into a plant-available form. Without these bioorganisms, your plants cannot get the nutrients they need. So what you need is not more chemical soil additives, what you need is the proper balance of beneficial soil organisms. According to Dr. Ingham:

“It’s very necessary to have these organisms. They will supply your plant with precisely the right balances of all the nutrients the plant requires. When you start to realize that one of the major roles and functions of life in the soil is to provide nutrients to the plants in the proper forms, then we don’t need inorganic fertilizers. We certainly don’t have to have genetically engineered plants or to utilize inorganic fertilizers if we get this proper biology back in the soil.

If we balance the proper biology, we select against the growth of weeds, so the whole issue with herbicides is done away with. We don’t need the herbicides if we can get the proper life back into the soil and select for the growth of the plants that we want to grow and against the growth of the weedy species.”

Interestingly enough, you can use a starter culture to boost the fermentation and generation of beneficial bacteria much in the same way you can boost the probiotics in your fermented vegetables. For compost, this strategy is used if you want to compost very rapidly. In that case, you can use a starter to inoculate the specific sets of organisms that you need to encourage in that compost.

For optimal physical health, you need plant foods to contain the full set of nutrients that will allow the plant to grow in a healthy fashion, because that’s the proper balance of nutrients for us human beings as well. Dr. Ingham has written several books on this topic, including The Field Guide for Actively Aerated Compost Tea, and The Compost Tea Brewing Manual.

[-] Sources and References
  • Mother Jones
  • 1 Mother Jones November 28, 2012
  • 2 FAO.org
  • 3 The Tech Herald April 7, 2009
  • 4 Agronomy Journal
  • 5 US Department of Agriculture, “Climate Change and Agriculture in the United States” (PDF)
  • 6 National Geographic May 2013
  • 7 National Geographic May 2013
  • 8 ElaineIngham.com

 

Landscaping and the soil.

08 Sunday Dec 2013

Posted by Nicholas in Articles

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landscaping, soil regeneration

Landscaping and the soil, what role can vermicast play in landscaping.

The process of landscaping and earth moving disrupts and displaces microbes and organisms in soil.
Soil most often consists of strata, layers of different materials, organic and mineral or combinations of the two in varying quantities.
Different organisms and microbes can be found in these different zones as each gravitate towards the conditions that best suit their needs.

So what happens when you disrupt this environment?
Earthmoving often displaces the organic layer on the top of our soil and pulls up the sandy mineral rich sub layer, often turning it over and creating a sandy surface layer.

So what is wrong with this you might ask?

Sand and minerals are wonderful for plants, they contain trace elements and are crucial to healthy plant growth.
The problem that exists with both mineral and organic material is that both exist as potential energy.
It is the action of soil bourne organisms and microbes on them that facilitate the release of all their plant beneficial nutrient into a plant available format.

So is their no microbial activity in landscaped soil?
There are still microbes in landscaped soil, but the aggressive process of earthmoving often displaces microbes and organisms from the environments they like or disrupts the soils natural balances.
What we want is to condition the soil as quickly as possible, returning those natural balances before soil erosion can set in.
Be it the use of plants, grasses, trees or shrubs, roots are natures soil stabilisers.

So how do we condition soil?
Optigrow recommends the generous addition of compost to reintroduce organic material into the soil and the addition of Opticast to convert both compost and mineral sand from their potential energy forms into a healthy living soil.

How is this achieved you might ask?
Vermicast is a thick dark rich organic fertiliser and soil conditioner.
It contains all the things your landscaped soil needs to begin its rehabilitation process.

Firstly vermicast is a fertiliser, so it contains plant available nutrient to sustain your newly planted vegetation.

Secondly vermicast is extremely high in microbial activity, so it repopulates low or absent microbial cultures. Microbes play a crucial role in plant health as they assist plants with the uptake of nutrient, and breaks down available minerals in soil.

Thirdly Opticast contains baby earthworms and earthworm cocoons. With the addition of organic material, these wriggly workers continue to break the organic material in soil down and maintain the soils health.

Finally, the physical properties of vermicast works to stabilise soil. It acts to bind the soil and stabilises moisture.

Soil health is important in landscaping, planting into barren soil may lead to the loss of some of the soil stabilising plants planted, giving way to hardier unwanted weeds that can withstand the environment.
Vermicast works to rehabilitate soil from the start into the natural living biome that plants thrive best in, giving plants a healthy, strong start and supporting them ongoingly as they flourish.

Optigrow Opticast, a key part of your landscaping and soil regeneration project.

What is Worm Tea (Vermileachate) and how do I use it?

11 Monday Feb 2013

Posted by Nicholas in Articles

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earth worms, fertigation, foliar feed, Healthy Soil, Hydroponics, irrigation, Liquid Fertilizer, Micronutrients, OptiGrow, Organic Fertilizer, Organic Gardening, pot plants, Vermiculture, Vermileachate, Worm Leachate, Worm Tea

Here at Optigrow we have had an increasing interest in our Vermileachate, commonly known as Worm Tea.

So what is Worm Tea, how do you use it and what are its benefits over a conventional organic fertiliser like Vermicast (Worm Castings).

Like Vermicast, Worm Tea is a highly concentrated liquid fertilizer , high in nutrient and containing all the healthy microbes that plants thrive on helping them absorb available nutrient.

Worm tea is produced by the irrigation water that leaches through our wormeries carrying nutrient and all the goodness of Vermicast with it.

Vermicast (Fertilizer) and Worm Tea (Liquid Fertilizer) both come with their own unique properties that make them useful in different areas.

Vermicast is a powdered fertilizer, easy to apply by hand, containing worm cocoons, baby worms and natural microbes for soil reconditioning and the creation of a healthy natural biome.

Worm Tea or Vermileachate is a concentrated yet gentle liquid fertilizer, containing all the nutrient and natural microbes your plants need. Easy to dilute and water your plants using your current irrigation methods.

So why choose Worm Tea over a conventional organic fertilizer?

Worm tea makes a perfect feed for your potted plants. The lack of baby worms means that you won’t have baby worms breading out in the confined space of your potted plants and is easily added to you normal house plant watering routine.

Perfect for hydroponics, it is easily added to your current setup, is nutrient rich, contains microbes that are lacking in chemical hydroponic systems and increase the efficient uptake of the available nutrient. As a natural material, there is an abundance of micronutrients in worm tea that plants require, all in plant available formats that are vital in a hydroponic system.

Easily added into your existing irrigation setup, Worm Tea is gentle and can be used as a foliar feed sprayed over your plants with the added benefit of chasing off pests, or watered at the root base putting nutrient directly into the soil.

For irrigation as simple as a watering can to a large commercial fertigation setup, Vermileachate (Worm Tea) is a perfect rocket fuel for your plants, containing all the nutrient your plants need with the added benefit of a microbial component meaning you get more bang for your buck. Higher nutrient absorption and less leach away.

Contact us to discuss how we can assist you and your business and book a visit for an onsite assessment.

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